Figure 3

Relation between information measures and valence. Each graphic on the left column shows the relation between valence and information content measured up to a context of size four. Each bar represents a bin containing 10% of the words in the lexicon, with a size proportional to the average information content of the words in the bar. The color of each bar ranges from red to green, representing the average valence of the words in the corresponding bin. Each bar has a color gradient according to the standard error of the valence mean. Information content has been rescaled so it can be compared among context sizes. For all three languages and context sizes, negativity increases with information content. The second column shows the relation between word self-information and valence for English, German, and Spanish. Average valence is shown for bins that contain 5% of the data, with error bars showing the standard error. For all the three languages, valence clearly decreases with the self-information of the word, i.e. positive words carry less information than negative words.