Table 3 Mean values of COVID-19 case counts (\(\mathrm{C}_{b}\) and \(\mathrm{C}_{w}\)), case rates (\(\mathrm{CR}_{b}\) and \(\mathrm{CR}_{w}\)), and case-rate differences (\(\mathrm{CD}_{b}\) and \(\mathrm{CD}_{w}\)) between and within regions, along with the differences (ΔC, ΔCR, and ΔCD) in these values. The difference is positive when a between-region value is larger, and it is negative when a within-region value is larger. The rightmost column is an odds ratio. The case data spans the week ending 31 May 2020 through the week ending 1 May 2022. The values of the COVID-19 case data are means of the weekly values. It is desirable for case rates (respectively, case-rate differences) to be large (respectively, small) within regions and to be small (respectively, large) between regions

From: Human-network regions as effective geographic units for disease mitigation