Figure 4

Influences between Blockchain and the other clusters on (de)centralization. (a) Change in the ranking of the most influenced clusters by Blockchain between its early period (2008-2014), its middle period (2015-2018), and its late period (2019-2020), calculated using the average knowledge flows \(K_{a \to b} (T)\), where T is the selected period, and a is fixed to be Blockchain. (b) Change in the ranking of the clusters having most influenced the Blockchain literature (same periods as in the previous panel). In both cases, if \(K_{a \to b} (T) = 0\), we print a circle in the corresponding gray node and use a lighter color in the respective link. Moreover, we print a star when \(0.01 < K_{a \to b} (T) \leq 0.1\), and two stars when \(K_{a \to b} (T) > 0.1\)