Figure 4

Allotaxonograph comparing names of girls born in the US in 1968 and 2018. Only names appearing at least five times in a year are included in the data set. For dataset details, see Sect. 5.1. Of our four main case studies, baby name distributions show the strongest change with \(D^{\mathrm{R}}_{\alpha }(\Omega _{1} \| \Omega _{2})\) scores verging on that of the random equivalent. The asymmetry of the separated 2018-exclusive names and the balance score of 80.3% of all names in 2018 being new relative to 1968 show that while there is much social imitation (see 1970s, ‘Jennifer’), baby names are highly innovative collectively. Note that at the bottom of the histogram, the annotated name is a 2018-exclusive word but it is oriented towards the left per our annotation method (with each run of the allotaxonometer script, the name is randomly chosen from all names in the specific histogram square) (see also Fig. 1 and Sect. 2.2). See Fig. 5 for the boy name version. For 1968–2008, Flipbook S5 shows how the list of contributions to rank-turbulence divergence changes as α varies from 0 to ∞. Flipbook S7 provides a sweep of \(\alpha = \infty \) allotaxonometric graphs for girl names over time, for 50 year gap comparisons starting with 1880–1930 and moving forward in 5 year steps