Large scale analysis of gender bias and sexism in song lyrics

EPJ Data Science

Table 3 Results of the association tests performed on three different lyrics corpora: male solo artists, female solo artists and their union (all). Target sets X or Y resulting in statistically significant SWEAT scores (comparing male with the female corpus) highlighted in bold with their corresponding score (\({}^{*}p<0.10\), \({}^{**}p<0.05\))

A	B	X	Y	corpus	SC-WEAT X	SC-WEAT Y	WEAT effect size
Pleasant	Unpleasant	Flowers	Insects	all	1.34^∗∗	−0.70^∗∗	1.73^∗∗
				female	1.31^∗∗	−0.75^∗∗	2.00^∗∗
				male	0.90^∗∗	−0.78^∗∗	1.59^∗∗
		Musical instruments\(^{\boldsymbol{}}\) −0.24*	Weapons	all	0.41	−2.79^∗∗	2.97^∗∗
				female	0.61^∗∗	−1.27^∗∗	1.86^∗∗
				male	0.23	−1.82^∗∗	1.99^∗∗
Career	Family	Male names\(^{\boldsymbol{}}\) −0.68**	Female names\(^{\boldsymbol{}}\) −0.92**	all	−0.05	−0.76^∗∗	0.89^∗∗
				female	0.94	−0.00	0.57
				male	−0.24	−1.04^∗∗	0.84^∗∗
Male names	Female names	Career	Family	all	2.78^∗∗	−0.23	2.16^∗∗
				female	0.45	−0.53	0.98
				male	2.76^∗∗	−0.60	2.56^∗∗
Male nouns & pronouns	Female nouns & pronouns	Career	Family	all	0.64	0.15	0.57
				female	−0.22	−0.34	0.04
				male	1.91	0.35	0.38
		MatSci	Arts	all	0.50	−0.45	0.94
				female	0.06	−1.26^∗∗	1.29^∗
				male	0.39	−0.09	0.37
		Intelligence\(^{\boldsymbol{}}\) 0.18*	Appearance	all	0.29	−0.13	0.39
				female	−0.08	−0.09	0.06
				male	0.42	−0.31	0.71^∗
		Strength\(^{\boldsymbol{}}\) 0.32**	Weakness	all	1.71^∗∗	0.40	1.16^∗∗
				female	0.70^∗	0.24	0.32
				male	1.24^∗∗	0.36	1.02^∗∗