Figure 4
From: Modelling railway delay propagation as diffusion-like spreading
Example simulations at various resolutions. Panel (a): highest (non-clustered) resolution simulation of Jan 15th, 2019, initialised at the peak delay (18:11). The delay evolution over time of three example stations is displayed in blue lines (Brussels, Namur and Antwerp). The spatial situation of simulated delays at initialisation (middle) and 60 min after initialisation (right) are also shown. Panel (b): Simulation of the same day, but at an spatially aggregated level of five clusters. Red lines in the left panel show the temporal evolution of delays for each cluster. Again, the middle and right panels indicate spatial delay distribution at initialisation and 60 min after initialisation. For clarity, the clusters are shaded in the background. Panel (c): Total delay evolution of three example bad days: Jan 15th, 2019, July 25th, 2019 and May 4th 2020, all initialised at their peak delay moments. All maps show delays in seconds, with a cut-off at 500 and 250 seconds respectively, as higher delays were rare on these instances. Root mean square errors of each of the (normalized) time series are shown in the legends