Figure 4From: The penumbra of open source: projects outside of centralized platforms are longer maintained, more academic and more collaborativeDominant language domains in the Penumbra and GitHub. Comparison of language popularity, measured by lines of code (LOC) in panels (a-b) and by file count in panels (c-d). We count the top languages of each repository by the specified metric, normalize the results to a percentage of independent or GitHub repositories, then subtract the percentages. Therefore a language with a value of −0.05, for example, is the top language on 5% more GitHub repositories than Penumbra repositories, while a positive value indicates 5% more Penumbra repositories than GitHub repositoriesBack to article page