Figure 7

The backbones of the networks of hashtags and bots (left) and hashtags and suspended users (right) linked by retweets for the whole period of our dataset. Both networks show a modular structure probably due to the coordination of the automated users: the depicted partitions have a modularity of 0.73 (left) and 0.78 (right). In the bots’ network the Brexit discussion appears together in the blue community, while for the suspended users two separate groups are pro-Euro (orange) and pro-Brexit (blue). In both cases, Trump-related hashtags are very common