Figure 5

Impressions of hate and counter speech. Impact of hate and counter speech messages over time as quantified by the average number of likes and length of conversation they initiate. The emergence of organized counter speech (RI, blue vertical line). Results are for 131,366 reply trees from January 2015 to December 2018. Each data point is a week average and trends are smoothed over a month-long window. The timeline on the x-axis is the same as in other figures but was omitted for space, except for markers of the emergence of RG and RI