Figure 3

Proportion of hate and counter speech over time. Organized counter speech (RI, blue vertical line) is followed by changes in proportions of hate and counter speech tweeted within 131,366 reply trees to 22 prominent twitter accounts, from January 2015 to December 2018. Each data point is a daily average and trends are smoothed over a one-week window. Exploratory change point analysis [64] identifies the changes in linear trends shown by green vertical lines (see text for further confirmatory statistical tests). Event labels: Merkel = prime minister pronounces ‘Wir schaffen das’ in support of immigrants, TR(TI)−x = right-wing (Islamic) terrorist attacks where x is the number of dead or injured people (location included when attack was outside Germany), NY16 = New Year’s Eve assaults on women in Cologne’s main train station, Storch = AfD politician calls for use of arms against immigrants at the boarder, Brexit = referendum date, RG = Reconquista Germanica and associated groups start organizing, Hoecke = AfD politician calls for a change in how Germany remembers the Holocaust, Election = German Federal Election, RI = Reconquista Internet becomes functional, Chemnitz = large anti-immigrant protests, Unteilbar—large counter rally in Berlin