Figure 7

Walnut structure: a schematic view. The so-called bowtie structure reveals that GSCC includes nearly 40% of all the nodes or accounts, while the IN and OUT components include 15% and 37%, respectively (see Table 4 for the details). The prominent features are as follows. (i) The shortest distances to IN and OUT from GSCC are quite small, typically 1 or 2, and 4 at most (Table 5); hence, the ties are not elongated like a “bowtie” but rather like a “walnut” skin. (ii) The nodes in the components of IN and OUT are connected to the nodes scattered widely in GSCC. See also the study of a supplier-customer network [11] with similar features