Figure 4

Quantitative comparison of the IPT model with three representative models. (a) The travel trajectory of a typical user in (a) the real data, and those simulated by (b) the IPR model, (c) the PPT model, (d) the PIPR model, and (e) the IPT model. For all the models, the relevant quantities are extracted from the real data of the selected user and used as the initial condition in the simulation. Here each node is a location visited by the user, with node size proportional to its visitation frequency generated by the corresponding model. (f) Comparison of the distributions of flux between location pairs, \(P(F_{ij})\), in the real and the shuffled data as well as the simulated trajectories from different models. The results of the fitted exponents suggest that the IPT model can best reproduce the flux distribution in real data. The scatter plots of the total traveled distance \(d_{\alpha }^{\mathrm{total}}\) of each user α between the real data and the simulated data by (g) the IPR model, (h) the PPT model, (i) the PIPR model, and (j) the IPT model