Figure 4

District level analysis of the difference between communication patterns of the Turkish and refugee populations. Panel A illustrates the mean squared deviation of the distribution of probabilities of communication (call and SMS) destination originating from each district (e.g., the chances that a call from district i will be directed at district j and not a third district k). That is, for district i this is obtained as \(\mbox{MSD}_{i} = \frac{1}{39} \sum_{j} (o_{ij}^{ \text{TT}} - o_{ij}^{\mbox{S}\circ })^{2}\), where \(o_{ij}^{\text{S}\circ } = o_{ij}^{\text{SS}} + o_{ij}^{ \text{ST}}\), \(\forall ij\). Panel B plots the distributions of the districts where the communication patterns for both communities is largest