Table 1 Knowledge density and world development indicators
From: Mapping the physics research space: a machine learning approach
World development indicator | Correlation | Pvalue | Logs |
|---|---|---|---|
Economic Development | |||
0.76∗∗∗ | 0.00 | ||
 GDP per capita | 0.47∗∗∗ | 0.00 | x |
Research and Development | |||
 Research and development expenditure (% of GDP) | 0.67∗∗∗ | 0.00 | x |
 Researchers in R&D (per million people) | 0.52∗∗∗ | 0.00 | x |
 Technicians in R&D (per million people) | 0.55∗∗∗ | 0.00 | x |
 Industrial design applications by residents | 0.72∗∗∗ | 0.00 | x |
 Industrial design applications by nonresidents | 0.49∗∗∗ | 0.00 | x |
 Patent applications by residents | 0.82∗∗∗ | 0.00 | x |
 Patent applications by nonresidents | 0.43∗∗∗ | 0.00 | x |
 Trademark applications by residents | 0.71∗∗∗ | 0.00 | x |
 Trademark applications by nonresidents | 0.58∗∗∗ | 0.00 | x |
Production and Exports | |||
 Medium and high-tech Industry (% manufacturing value added) | 0.55∗∗∗ | 0.00 | |
 Medium and high-tech exports (% manufactured exports) | 0.60∗∗∗ | 0.00 | |
 High-technology exports | 0.77∗∗∗ | 0.00 | x |
Education Attainment | |||
 At least completed lower secondary (% 25+ population) | 0.41∗∗ | 0.00 | |
 At least completed upper secondary (% 25+ population) | 0.34∗ | 0.02 | |
 At least completed post-secondary (% 25+ population) | 0.25 | 0.08 | |
 At least completed short-cycle tertiary (% 25+ population) | 0.32∗ | 0.02 | |
Unemployment of Educated Labor Force | |||
 Unemployment with advanced education (% of total labor force with advanced education) | −0.34∗ | 0.01 | |
 Unemployment with intermediate education (% of total labor force with intermediate education) | −0.22 | 0.10 | |
NEET | |||
 Share of youth not in education, employment or training, female (% of female youth population) | −0.36∗∗ | 0.00 | x |
 Share of youth not in education, employment or training, total (% of youth population) | −0.32∗ | 0.01 | x |