Table 6 Confusion matrix for multi-class cyber hate classification using a combined dataset of 3 different protected characteristics
From: Us and them: identifying cyber hate on Twitter across multiple protected characteristics
Typed dependency | Explanation |
|---|---|
Homophobic samples | |
det(backdoor-7, the-6) | Determiner (a specific reference to a noun phrase) discussing ‘the backdoor’ in a context of homosexual activity |
dobj(kill-2, yourself-3) | Direct object (an accusatory object of the verb) suggesting homosexual ‘others’ should ‘kill yourself’ |
det(closet-8, the-7) | Determiner (a specific reference to a noun phrase) discussing ‘the closet’ - most likely referring to where the person should have remained |
amod(disgrace-6, absolute-5) | Adjectival modifier (a descriptive phrase related to a noun phrase) discussing ‘disgrace’ - and amplifying this accusation with ‘absolute’ |
det(disgrace-6, an-4) aux(commending-12, him-13) | Determiner (a specific reference to a noun phrase) discussing ‘disgrace’ - plus Auxiliary ‘commending’, branding people commending the person a disgrace |
Race samples | |
advcl(won-7, black-11) advcl(won-7, obama-13) | Two adverbial clause modifiers relating ‘won’ and ‘obama’ & ‘won’ and ‘black’ - highlighting the colour of skin as a key related term to the victory |
aux(destroying-10, is-9) | Auxiliary verb potentially suggesting Obama is having a ‘destroying’ impact |
amod(people-7, white-6), advmod(won-11, how-9) | Modifiers linking ‘white people’ to the outcome of the election outcomes ‘how…won’ |
dobj(see-13, you-14) | Direct object (an accusatory object of the verb) referring to ‘you’ and the impact the outcome may have |
Disability samples | |
amod(athletes-11, olympic-10) advmod(drunk-14, really-13) | Modifiers referring to ‘olympic athletes’ and ‘really drunk’ in mocking manner referring to ‘you’ and the impact the outcome may have |
det(jokes-10,the-9) | Referring to noun ‘joke’ in relation to paralympic athletes |
amod(women-12,disabled-11) dobj(falling-13,wish-15) | Modifier of ‘women’ to refer to ‘disabled’ female athletes and ‘wish’ they would be ‘falling’ using direct object |
amod(bench-11, midget-9) | The key term here being the derogatory term ‘midget’ |