Figure 4From: Investigating causality in human behavior from smartphone sensor data: a quasi-experimental approach Treatment effect. Percentage improvement on the stress level of treated units compared to control units when each one of the examined treatments is applied. Percentage improvement is estimated as \(\frac{\mathit{ATE}}{E\{S^{(u, d)'}_{t_{i}}\}}\times 100\). Results are presented along with the 95% confidence interval.Back to article page