Figure 3

TE and ATE as functions of time in the dynamic case. Top: Simulated time series with $p(\dot{x}(t+1)|\dot{x}(t),\dot{y}(t))$ fixed and unbiased, while $p(\dot{y}(t+1)|\dot{y}(t),\dot{x}(t))$ is switched at time $t=300$ and 600, indicated by the blue vertical lines. Bottom: The ATE curves are able to distinguish positive and negative influence, while the TE curve cannot.