Science as exploration in a knowledge landscape: tracing hotspots or seeking opportunity?

Liu, Feifan; Zhang, Shuang; Xia, Haoxiang

doi:10.1140/epjds/s13688-024-00468-z

EPJ Data Science

Table 1 The aggregated results of the evaluation indexes of two population-level models and null models

From: Science as exploration in a knowledge landscape: tracing hotspots or seeking opportunity?

Id	Network Type	Robust Exp.	Model	Model Para.	\(R^{2}\)	RMSE	Spearman Coef.	Pearson Coef.	CPC	CPCd	CPL
1	Grid	BSL	Baseline	-	0.088	269.57	0.475	0.324	0.391	0.006	1
2	Grid	BSL	Gravity	exp	0.888	94.625	0.906	0.944	0.8	0.011	1
3	Grid	BSL	Gravity	pl	0.887	94.778	0.935	0.943	0.82	0.011	1
4	Grid	BSL	Radiation	-	−0.541	350.498	0.843	0.729	0.534	0.007	0.755
5	Grid	Rand1	Gravity	exp	0.878	98.478	0.913	0.94	0.794	0.011	1
6	Grid	Rand1	Gravity	pl	0.892	92.805	0.932	0.945	0.818	0.011	1
7	Grid	Rand2	Gravity	exp	0.527	1914	0.761	0.73	0.572	0.011	1
8	Grid	Rand2	Gravity	pl	0.527	191	0.761	0.731	0.572	0.011	1
9	Grid	Rand3	Gravity	exp	0.529	193.76	0.762	0.732	0.573	0.011	1
10	Grid	Rand3	Gravity	pl	0.53	193.635	0.762	0.733	0.573	0.011	1
11	Grid	Scale1	Gravity	exp	0.828	22.865	0.775	0.919	0.76	0.065	1
12	Grid	Scale1	Gravity	pl	0.866	20.201	0.797	0.931	0.785	0.069	1
13	Grid	Scale1	Radiation	-	−2.284	100.007	0.645	0.67	0.431	0.039	0.494
14	Grid	Scale2	Gravity	exp	0.878	502.72	0.954	0.938	0.839	0.001	1
15	Grid	Scale2	Gravity	pl	0.851	555.99	0.968	0.923	0.842	0.001	1
16	Grid	Scale2	Radiation	-	0.18	1304.34	0.92	0.713	0.603	0.001	0.923
17	Voronoi	BSL	Baseline	-	0.092	128.097	0.421	0.304	0.424	0.008	1
18	Voronoi	BSL	Gravity	exp	0.836	54.514	0.857	0.917	0.79	0.017	1
19	Voronoi	BSL	Gravity	pl	0.769	64.61	0.866	0.879	0.77	0.018	1
20	Voronoi	BSL	Radiation	-	−1.685	220.29	0.827	0.679	0.488	0.011	0.761
21	Voronoi	Rand1	Gravity	exp	0.821	56.869	0.863	0.911	0.784	0.018	1
22	Voronoi	Rand1	Gravity	pl	0.781	62.963	0.866	0.884	0.768	0.018	1
23	Voronoi	Rand2	Gravity	exp	0.4	104.114	0.648	0.642	0.539	0.015	1
24	Voronoi	Rand2	Gravity	pl	0.401	104.039	0.648	0.642	0.539	0.015	1
25	Voronoi	Rand3	Gravity	exp	0.401	103.997	0.649	0.643	0.539	0.015	1
26	Voronoi	Rand3	Gravity	pl	0.403	103.886	0.649	0.644	0.54	0.015	1
27	Voronoi	Scale1	Gravity	exp	0.745	14.502	0.766	0.874	0.746	0.08	1
28	Voronoi	Scale1	Gravity	pl	0.708	15.523	0.76	0.845	0.748	0.088	1
29	Voronoi	Scale1	Radiation	-	−5.169	71.326	0.669	0.581	0.38	0.046	0.476
30	Voronoi	Scale2	Gravity	exp	0.836	54.287	0.857	0.917	0.79	0.017	1
31	Voronoi	Scale2	Gravity	pl	0.776	63.388	0.868	0.883	0.771	0.019	1
32	Voronoi	Scale2	Radiation	-	−1.702	220.143	0.829	0.682	0.488	0.011	0.762
33	Voronoi	Scale3	Gravity	exp	0.836	54.349	0.857	0.917	0.79	0.017	1
34	Voronoi	Scale3	Gravity	pl	0.769	64.412	0.866	0.879	0.769	0.018	1
35	Voronoi	Scale3	Radiation	-	−1.701	220.249	0.827	0.681	0.488	0.011	0.762

Note: 1. Spearman and Pearson coefficients in the experiment p-value are less than 0.001. 2. Abbreviations of BSL: benchmark experiment under the initial setting, exp: exponential function, pl: power-law function, Rand: randomized experiment, Scale: scale expansion/reduction experiment. 3. The bold number indicates the best-performing results of the models within the same group.

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